A calcified polymeric valve for valve-in-valve applications

...developed a novel polymeric valve whose leaflets possess calcium hydroxyapatite inclusions immersed in them. This study reports the characteristics and feasibility of these valves. ... The system is connected and actuated by a pulsatile pump system (Superpump system, VSI, SPS3891, Vivitro systems Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada), which operates based on a VSI Wave Generator VG2001 (Vivitro Systems Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada) and controlled by a ...