Articles Related to Flow Visualization

Amico et al. Physics of Fluids 38, 021916 (2026)

The ViVitro Pulse Duplicator enabled a physiologically relevant, ISO 5840-aligned test environment for direct comparison of event-based imaging velocimetry (EBIV) and conventional PIV in a left-heart simulator with a transcatheter mitral valve. The study examined whether EBIV could quantify intraventricular flow with accuracy comparable to PIV under two cardiac-output conditions. Using synchronized, phase-locked acquisitions, the authors showed that EBIV reproduced the main hemodynamic features measured by PIV, including velocity fields, diastolic vortex structures, circulation, Lagrangian trajectories, pulsatile kinetic energy, and dominant POD modes. The work positions EBIV as a data-efficient, high-dynamic-range alternative for cardiac flow analysis, while underscoring the value of the ViVitro platform in delivering realistic, reproducible bench testing for device assessment and translational cardiovascular research.

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Jingdi Wan, Hongping Wang, Bo Liu, Xiaolei Yang, Xiaodong Hu, Shengze Cai, Guowei He, Yang Liu? arXiv:2507.09621 [physics.flu-dyn]

Physics-Based AI Enhances Prediction of Post-TAVR Flow Dynamics Using the ViVitro Pulse Duplicator, researchers generated high-fidelity in-vitro flow data to validate TrajectoryFlowNet—a physics-informed machine learning framework for predicting complex cardiovascular fluid dynamics. The ViVitro system recreated physiological pulsatile conditions within a silicone aortic root and 3D-printed arteries, enabling accurate 3D particle image velocimetry (PIV) following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The resulting experimental dataset trained and tested TrajectoryFlowNet without explicit boundary constraints, yet achieved high correlation (≈0.9) between predicted and measured particle velocities. This study highlights how the ViVitro Labs System’s precise flow replication enables the development of robust AI models bridging physical realism and data-driven prediction for next-generation cardiovascular diagnostics.

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Zeping Zhang, Rizheng Han, Yueen Liu, Xinqi Yu, Guixue Wang, Yun Bai, Rui Yang, Tao Jin, Xing Zhang,Chemical Engineering Journal,Volume 518, 2025,

In this study the ViVitro Labs Pulse Duplicator system played an essential role in simulating physiological aortic and pulmonary flow conditions to assess the hydrodynamic performance of a bioinspired trilayer poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds designed for tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHVs). By replicating the fibrosa-spongiosa-ventricularis architecture using electrospinning on custom collectors, the authors developed a scaffold (BTS) that successfully mimics the anisotropic and nonlinear ('J-curve') mechanical behavior of native valve leaflets. The BTS exhibited favorable biomechanical performance, excellent biocompatibility, and compliance with ISO 5840-2 criteria. These results highlight the scaffold’s translational promise in pediatric and young adult valve replacements. The successful demonstration of effective orifice area and regurgitation rate compliance underscores the Pulse Duplicator’s value in de-risking translation to clinical applications.

Other Products Cited:  Heart Valve Testing  Pulsatile Flow Simulation  Pulse Duplicator  Tissue Engineering

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Amponsah, J., Archibong-Eso, A., Aliyu, A. M., & Wilberforce Awotwe, T.

This work models and numerically simulate the influence of blood viscosity on cavitation within tMHVs, using FSI principles. The experiments used a hydro-mechanical pulse duplicator system (ViVitro Superpump System SP3891, ViVitro Labs Inc., Canada) designed to replicate physiological conditions. Our simulations reveal that cavitation is primarily driven by sharp pressure drops during valve closure, with cavitation inception occurring at pressures as low as 4.5 Pa, a level significantly lower than previously reported ranges of 15–20 Pa.

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Jelle Plomp, Ashkan Ghanbarzadeh-Dagheyan, Michel Versluis, Guillaume Lajoinie, Erik Groot Jebbink, Imaging Behind the Plaque: Improved Blood Flow Quantification Using an Iterative Scheme for Active Attenuation Correction, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, Volume 51, Issue 6, 2025, Pages 984-998

This publication demonstrates how the ViVitro Labs Pulsatile Flow Pump can be used to create a mock circulatory flow loop (MCL) in the context of particle image velocimetry (PIV) "To confirm ISAAC's applicability, measurements were also performed using a pulsatile flow with a frequency of 70 beats per minute, produced using the ViVitro SuperPump (ViVitro Labs Inc, Victoria, CA, USA). The setup in Figure 1a was adjusted such that the pulsatile flow would be added to the constant output of the other pump. Approximately two cycles were imaged at 1667 fps, resulting in 3000 frames. Singular value decomposition filtering was performed over all 3000 frames"

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Luca Bontempi, Marta Zattoni, Anna Ramella, Francesco Migliavacca, Steffen Ringgaard, Won Yong Kim, Peter Johansen, Monika Colombo bioRxiv 2025.03.05.641637

This publication demonstrates the modularity of the ViVitro Labs Pulsatile flow pump and how it can be used to construct an advanced mock circulatory flow-loop (MCL) and obtain boundary flow conditions for an FSI model. "A pulsatile in-vitro MCL was employed to replicate a left heart flow cycle, as previously described [9,10]. . An electromechanical piston pump (VSI Superpump, ViVitro Labs, Victoria, Canada) was connected to the ventricular chamber to generate pulsatile flow and pressure waveforms. The atrial reservoir and ventricular chamber were linked via a mechanical heart valve mimicking the mitral valve, while the ventricular chamber and the compliance chamber were connected through the AR model with the integrated AV"

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Leister, R., Karl, R., Stroh, L., Mereles, D., Eden, M., Neff, L., de Simone, R., Romano, G., Kriegseis, J., Karck, M., Lichtenstern, C., Frey, N., Frohnapfel, B., Stroh, A., & Engelhardt, S. Cardiovasc Eng Tech (2025).

In this study the accuracy of the flow convergence method was assessed in a hemodynamic reproducible in-vitro environment. The frequency of the pump (ViVitro SuperPump, ViVitro Labs, Inc., Victoria, Canada) is adjusted to 80 bpm and the stroke volume of the pump is set to reach a left ventricular pressure of approximately 120 mmHg. The most obvious finding is that the RVol determined by physicians with the flow convergence methods underestimates the RVol for eight out of nine MROPs.

Other Products Cited:  Analysis and Computational Modeling  Heart Valve Testing  Pulsatile Flow Simulation  Pulse Duplicator  Ultrasound Measurements

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Ghanbarzadeh-Dagheyan A, van Helvert M, van de Velde L, Reijnen MMPJ, Versluis M, Groot Jebbink E. Journal of Endovascular Therapy. 2024;0(0).

Helical stents have been developed to treat peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the superficial femoral artery (SFA), with the premise that their particular geometry could promote swirling flow in the blood. The aim of this work is to provide evidence on the existence of this swirling flow by quantifying its signatures. The flow setup consisted of a programmable piston pump (Super Pump, Vivitro, Victoria, Canada), to create pulsating flow. The in vitro results show that skewedness is increased due to the helical geometry of the stents.

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Pangelina, Chaztyn; Vu, Vi; May-Newman, Karen. ASAIO Journal. August 22, 2024.

The vortex that forms in the aortic sinus plays a vital role in optimizing blood flow. A mock circulatory loop consisting of a programmable pulse duplicator (Vivitro, Canada) attached to a customized tank for the left ventricle and LVAD, and aortic viewing chamber were integrated into a modified Windkessel circuit suitable for heart failure. The hemodynamics produced by the study conditions reflect a range of bypass conditions of the native heart and the LVAD.

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Dylan Goode, Lawrence Scotten, Rolland Siegel, Hadi Mohammadi. Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 174, September 2024.

Current surgical aortic valve (AV) replacement options include bioprosthetic and mechanical heart valves (MHVs), each with inherent limitations. In-vitro testing was conducted utilizing a pulse duplicator system (ViVitro Labs Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada), enhanced by integrating an optoelectronic subsystem dubbed the Leonardo apparatus. The iValve brings forth a novel approach to MHV design that aims to bring the robust longevity of an MHV while providing hemodynamics that is more akin to the native valve.

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Michele Mastrogiacomo. Rel. Stefania Scarsoglio, Vrishank Raghav. Politecnico di Torino, Corso di laurea magistrale in Ingegneria Aerospaziale, 2024

Given the prevalence and impact of Paravalvular Leakage, there is a critical need to study and mitigate this issue to improve patient outcomes. The experimental setup replicates the human left heart, featuring a Pulsatile Pump ViVitro, an em-tec flow meter, pressure taps, and a transparent acrylic test chamber housing a heart valve. The results of the experiments indicate that a wall jet forms during diastole, flowing back from the aortic side into the ventricular side.

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Hoving, A.M., Mikhal, J., Kuipers, H. et al. Med Biol Eng Comput 62, 1165–1176 (2024).

To investigate flow conditions in a double-layered carotid artery stent, a bench-top in vitro flow setup including a bifurcation phantom was designed and fabricated. For the introduction of pulsatile flow, a linear piston pump (Superpump AR, ViVitro Labs, Victoria, BC, Canada) and two compliances were added to the stationary circuit. We illustrated, with 3D printing and molding, how it is possible to transfer geometry from literature to a model and thereafter to a flexible phantom.

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Baylous K, Kovarovic B, Anam S, Helbock R, Slepian M, Bluestein D. ArXiv [Preprint].

Prosthetic heart valve interventions such as TAVR have surged over the past decade, but the associated complication of long-term, life-threatening thrombotic events continues to undermine patient outcomes. The hydrodynamic testing of a 29-mm CoreValve was conducted using a pulse duplicator system (Left Heart Simulator, ViVitro Labs, Victoria, BC). Post-TAVR deployment hemodynamics in patient-specific bicuspid aortic valve anatomies revealed varying degrees of thrombogenic risk for these patients, despite being clinically defined as “mild” paravalvular leak.

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Mohl, L., Karl, R., Hagedorn, M.N. et al. Int J CARS (2024)

Complicated type B Aortic dissection is a severe aortic pathology that requires treatment through thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). A realistic pulsatile flow through the aortic phantom is provided by a cardiac piston pump (Superpump, Vivitro Labs Inc., Victoria, Canada). The flexible aortic dissection phantom was successfully incorporated in the hemodynamic flow loop, a systolic pressure of 112 mmHg and physiological flow of 4.05 L per minute was reached.

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Lennart van de Velde, Majorie van Helvert, Stefan Engelhard, Ashkan Ghanbarzadeh-Dagheyan, Hadi Mirgolbabaee, Jason Voorneveld, Guillaume Lajoinie, Michel Versluis, Michel M. P. J. Reijnen, Erik Groot Jebbink, Journal of Medical Imaging, Vol. 11, Issue 3, 037001 (May 2024)

To investigate the accuracy of high-framerate echo particle image velocimetry (ePIV) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for determining velocity vectors in femoral bifurcation models through comparison with optical particle image velocimetry (oPIV). A hydraulic piston pump (SuperPump, ViVitro labs, Victoria, Canada) was used to enforce time-varying forward flow. The accuracy of blood flow assessment was investigated in models of the femoral bifurcation by clinically applicable ePIV measurements and CFD simulations.

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Karl, R., Leister, R., Stroh, L., Mereles, D., Eden, M., Neff, L., Simone, R.D., Romano, G., Kriegseis, J., Karck, M., Lichtenstern, C., Frey, N., Frohnapfel, B., Stroh, A., & Engelhardt, S.

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most common valvular heart conditions and caused by the retrograde flow of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (MV). The frequency of the pump (ViVitro SuperPump, ViVitro Labs, Inc., Victoria, Canada) is adjusted to 80 bpm and the stroke volume of the pump is set to reach a left ventricular pressure of approximately 120 mmHg. The present work compares the measurement of regurgitation jet by ultrasound accomplished by three different physicians with three different systems.

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Mirgolbabaee H, van de Velde L, Geelkerken RH, Versluis M, Groot Jebbink E, Reijnen MMPJ. Journal of Endovascular Therapy. 2023;0(0).

To identify potential hemodynamic predictors for limb thrombosis (LT) following endovascular aneurysm repair with the Anaconda endograft in a patient-specific phantom. A hydraulic piston-driven pump (SuperPump, ViVitro labs, Victoria) was used to set a suprarenal flow profile as inlet boundary condition. In conclusion, these in vitro data show that unfavorable hemodynamics are present in the limb that presented with LT, compared to the non-thrombosed side, with higher VC and longer RT.

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Wu, X., Saaid, H., Voorneveld, J., et al. Cardiovasc Eng Tech (2023).

The development of reliable techniques and analysis tools is essential for the application of hemodynamic biomarkers in clinical practice. A commercial piston pump (Vivitro Labs Inc., BC, Canada) was used to impose a sinusoidal-like volume change of the external pressure chamber with a cardiac cycle period of 857 ms (70 bpm, systolic duration of 300 ms, stroke volume 50 ml). The results show that the pressure distribution along the (longitudinal) base-apex axis reverses at the onset and the termination of the LV filling and ejecting, respectively.

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Finja Borowski, Sebastian Kaule, Jan Oldenburg, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, Alper Öner, and Michael Stiehm, tm - Technisches Messen

Durability of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) could be limited by leaflet thrombosis. A commercially available pulse duplicator system (ViVitro Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada) was used to generate physiological flow and pressure conditions of the cardiovascular circulation. Since commissural alignment in TAVR has only recently become the focus of clinical research, there is a clear gap in understanding the long-term clinical impact of commissural alignment.

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Luca Rosalia, Caglar Ozturk, Jaume Coll-Font, Yiling Fan, Yasufumi Nagata, Manisha Singh, Debkalpa Goswami, Adam Mauskapf, Shi Chen, Robert A. Eder, Efrat M. Goffer, Jo H. Kim, Salva Yurista, Benjamin P. Bonner, Anna N. Foster, Robert A. Levine, Elazer R. Edelman, Marcello Panagia, Jose L. Guerrero, Ellen T. Roche & Christopher T. Nguyen, Nature Biomedical Engineering volume 6, pages 1134–1147 (2022)

Advances in soft robotics have led to the development of high-fidelity simulators of pathophysiology for biomedical applications. An MCL was built using a pulsatile pump (SuperPump, ViVitro Labs), an anatomically accurate compliant silicone aortic vessel (E ≈ 1 MPa, United Biologics) connected to two adjustable compliance chambers (that is, ventricular, systemic), and a resistive valve. The models leverage haemodynamic mimicry and may facilitate the development of patient-specific applications. The models could also facilitate the clinical translation of treatments; in particular, a cohort of AS patients could be recapitulated in an in vivo porcine model, and new treatments could be evaluated preclinically.

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