Stephanie Sincomb, Francisco Moral-Pulido, Obed Campos, Carlos Martínez-Bazán, Victor Haughton, and Antonio L. Sánchez

The cerebrospinal fluid filling the ventricles of the brain moves with a cyclic velocity driven by the transmantle pressure, or instantaneous pressure difference between the lateral ventricles and the cerebral subarachnoid space. The periodic flow was generated with a programmable piston pump (SuperPump AR, ViVitro Labs, Victoria, Canada) connected through semi-rigid tubing to a ball valve located near the bottom of one of the reservoirs. MRI-informed in-vitro experiments have been used to evaluate the pressure difference between the third to fourth ventricles in the brain Δp, yielding results in good agreement with those of a previously derived mathematical model.

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Nicolas Brugger, MD, , Kerstin Wustmann, MD, Michael Hürzeler, BS, Andreas Wahl, MD, Stefano F. de Marchi, MD, Hélène Steck, RN, Fabian Zürcher, MD, Christian Seiler, MD, The American Journal of Cardiology Available online 3 February 2015

The aim of our study was, to evaluate 3-D color Doppler proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) as a tool for quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) against in vitro and in vivo reference methods. A customized 3-D PISA software was validated in vitro against a flowmeter MR phantom. Sixty consecutive patients, with ≥mild MR of any etiology, were recruited and the regurgitant volume (RVol) was measured by 2-D PISA, 3-D peak PISA, 3-D integrated PISA, using transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).

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George P. Chatzimavroudis, PhD, John N. Oshinski, PhD, Roderic I. Pettigrew, MD, PhD, Peter G. Walker, PhD, Robert H. Franch, MD, Ajit P. Yoganathan, PhD; Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: 8, Issue 3; 577 – 582.

Reliable diagnosis and quantification of mitral regurgitation are important for patient management and for optimizing the time for surgery. Previous methods have often provided suboptimal results. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate MR phase-velocity mapping in quantifying the mitral regurgitant volume (MRV) using a control volume (CV) method.

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George P. Chatzimavroudis, Peter G. Walker, John N. Oshinski, Robert H. Franch, Roderic I. Pettigrew and Ajit P. Yoganathan; Annals of Biomedical Engineering: 25, Issue 4; 644-652; 1997.

Although several methods have been used clinically to evaluate the severity of aortic regurgitation, there is no purely quantitative approach for aortic regurgitant volume (ARV) measurements. Magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping can be used to quantify the ARV, with a single imaging slice in the ascending aorta, from through-slice velocity measurements.

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Bradley D. Bolster, Jr, MSE, Ergin Atalar, PhD, Christopher J. Hardy, PhD, and Elliot R. McVeigh, PhD; Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: 8, Issue 4; 878–888; 1998.

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J. Michael Hasenkama, b, Steffen Ringgaardc, Kim Houlindb, René M. Botnard, Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensenc, Peter Boesigerd, Erik Morre Pedersena, b, c; European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery: 16; 300-305; 1999.

To evaluate the potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluation of velocity fields downstream of prosthetic aortic valves. Furthermore, to provide comparative data from bileaflet aortic valve prostheses in vitro and in patients.

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Peter G. Walker, K. Houlind, C. Djurhuus, W.Y. Kim, E.M. Pedersen; Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: 43, Issue 5; 726 – 733; 2000.

Quantifying mitral regurgitation is difficult because of the complexity of the flow, geometry and motion of the mitral valve. In this paper a MRI compatible phantom was built incorporating a left ventricle and mitral valve motion. Valve motion was obtained using a pneumatic piston. The mitral valve was made regurgitant and the regurgitant volume quantified using a modified control volume method. The modification to the method was the addition of mitral motion correction...

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George P. Chatzimavroudis; John N. Oshinski; Robert H. Franch; Peter G. Walker; Ajit P. Yoganathan; Roderic I. Pettigrew; Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: 3, Issue 1; 11 – 19; 2001.

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Haosen Zhang, Sandra S. Halliburton, James R. Moore, Orlando P. Simonetti, Paulo R. Schvartzman, Richard D. White and George P. Chatzimavroudis; Annals of Biomedical Engineering: 30, Issue 1; 120-128; 2002.

Magnetic resonance (MR) phase-velocity mapping (PVM) is routinely being used clinically to measure blood flow velocity. Conventional nonsegmented PVM is accurate but relatively slow (3-5 min per measurement). Ultrafast k-space segmented PVM offers much shorter acquisitions (on the order of seconds instead of minutes).

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Experiments in Fluids: 33, Issue 3; 458-463; 2002.

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Haosen Zhang, Sandra S. Halliburton, Richard D. White and George P. Chatzimavroudis; Annals of Biomedical Engineering: 32, Issue 12; 1618-1627; 2004.

Magnetic-resonance (MR) phase velocity mapping (PVM) shows promise in measuring the mitral regurgitant volume. However, in its conventional nonsegmented form, MR-PVM is slow and impractical for clinical use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of rapid, segmented k-space MR-PVM in quantifying the mitral regurgitant flow through a control volume (CV) method.

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George P. Chatzimavroudis, Peter G. Walker, John N. Oshinski, Robert H. Franch, Roderic I. Pettigrew, Ajit P. Yoganathan, Ph.D.; Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: 37, Issue 4; 545 – 551; 2005

Although several methods have been used clinically to assess aortic regurgitation (AR), there is no "gold standard" for regurgitant volume measurement. Magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping (PVM) can be used for noninvasive blood flow measurements.

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Suchitra Konduri, Yun Xing, James N. Warnock, Zhaoming He and Ajit P. Yoganathan; Annals of Biomedical Engineering: 33, Issue 9; 1158-1166; 2005.

Quantifying mitral regurgitation is difficult because of the complexity of the flow, geometry and motion of the mitral valve. In this paper a MRI compatible phantom was built incorporating a left ventricle and mitral valve motion. Valve motion was obtained using a pneumatic piston. The mitral valve was made regurgitant and the regurgitant volume quantified using a modified control volume method. The modification to the method was the addition of mitral motion correction. T

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Ashwin Prakash, MD, Ruchira Garg, MD, Edward N. Marcus, MSc, Glenn Reynolds, PhD, Tal Geva, MD, Andrew J. Powell, MD; Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: 24, Issue 3; 676 – 682; 2006.

To test the agreement between conventional and sensitivity-encoded (SENSE) velocity encoded cine (VEC) MRI in a flow phantom and in subjects with congenital and acquired heart disease...

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